Design and development of a series of prototypes to achieve the technical objectives and prove the hypothesis (design development and initial testing of the solution to reduce cellar temperatures via a C02 system).

The hypothesis for this phase of Wino’s R&D project questioned whether cellar temperatures could be reduced by 5℉ through the use of C02.

As an attempt to prove its hypothesis, Wino conducted the following R&D activities:

• Practical design by in-depth analysis of possible issues
• System design was constantly refined over a period of months to improve system performance
• Technical drawings and design calculations were updated as required to incorporate modifications and refinements
• Implementation of solution onsite for testing and further development

Wino proved that the system was a failure as too many variables which were beyond its control did not allow the system to operate in a consistent manner. With all these factors influencing performance, the system was too complicated for stable operation of the cellars.

Trials and analysis of data to achieve results that can be reproduced to a satisfactory standard and to test the hypothesis (testing and assessment of the practical performance revised solution).

Although Wino was unsuccessful in finding a solution to lower the overall temperature in the wine cellar, it was still able to claim the following tests and assessment activities as R&D:

• A complete change in design was necessary using CO2 as a conventional refrigerant to reduce the cellar temperature.
• Redesign of the system as a standalone plant using two new compressors and pump recirculation of liquid CO2 to larger evaporators in the cellars.
• A new evaporator in each cellar was added to the existing evaporators.

Background research to evaluate current knowledge gaps and determine feasibility (background research for the design of a solution to reduce the cellar temperatures).

Wino’s background research was focused on identifying issues, designing a potential solution using C02 recovery tanks and liaising with the client for design development. Design development included:

• Client meetings, submission of typical designs, other system options and the undertaking to provide refined designs.
• Internal design development and the development of sketches and calculations.
• Discussions with the site operators on system practicality.
• Design submission to the client for their review and acceptance.

These background research activities were necessary because they assisted in identifying the key elements of the research project, therefore qualifying as R&D work.

Ongoing analysis of customer or user feedback to improve the prototype design (feedback R&D of the solution to reduce cellar temperatures via a CO2 system).

Wino conducted the following activities during its analysis:

• Development and modification to interpret the experimental results/observations and draw conclusions that served as starting points for the development of new hypotheses; i.e. solutions to observed inefficiencies or problems
• Assessment of client feedback to improve on design of system
• Client inspection on completion of construction stage
• Validation of the design inputs on operation and testing of the new system

These activities were necessary to evaluate the performance capabilities of the new design in the field and to improve any flaws in the design.

Qualified research consists of research for the intent of developing new or improved business components. A business component is defined as any product, process, technique, invention, formula, or computer software that the taxpayer intends to hold for sale, lease, license, or actual use in the taxpayer’s trade or business.

The Four-Part Test

Activities that are eligible for the R&D Credit are described in the “Four-Part Test” which must be met for the activity to qualify as R&D.

1. Permitted Purpose: The purpose of the activity or project must be to create new (or improve existing) functionality, performance, reliability, or quality of a business component.
2. Elimination of Uncertainty: The taxpayer must intend to discover information that would eliminate uncertainty concerning the development or improvement of the business component. Uncertainty exists if the information available to the taxpayer does not establish the capability of development or improvement, method of development or improvement, or the appropriateness of the business component’s design.
3. Process of Experimentation: The taxpayer must undergo a systematic process designed to evaluate one or more alternatives to achieve a result where the capability or the method of achieving that result, or the appropriate design of that result, is uncertain at the beginning of the taxpayer’s research activities.
4. Technological in Nature: The process of experimentation used to discover information must fundamentally rely on principles of hard science such as physical or biological sciences, chemistry, engineering or computer science.

What records and specific documentation did Wino keep?

Similar to any tax credit or deduction, Wino had to save business records that outlined what it did in its R&D activities, including experimental activities and documents to prove that the work took place in a systematic manner.

Wino saved the following documentation:

• Progress of project (e.g. meeting notes, minutes, emails, reports)
• Conceptual sketches and technical drawings
• Photographs of completed models
• Testing protocols
• Results or records of analysis from testing / trial runs
• Tax invoices

By having these records on file, Wino confirmed that it was “compliance ready” — meaning if it was audited by the IRS, it could present documentation to show the progression of its R&D work, ultimately proving its R&D eligibility.

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A San Francisco Company develops software used by its clients. It had never before claimed the R&D credit for the development activities of its software programmers. This project involved a four-year study with a three-year look back.

The Company qualified for the federal R&D Tax Credit of $290,000 and an additional $217,500 in California state R&D Tax Credit.